Palazzo Reale
Ausstellung "Purification" im Palazzo dei Normanni
https://purificationexhibition.it/en/purification-english/
Ausstellung "Purification" im Palazzo dei Normanni
https://purificationexhibition.it/en/purification-english/
Punischer Destungsbau (4. Jhd. v.Chr.)
The urban fortifications underneath the Duke of Montalto Halls The huge defensive structures, visible here, were discovered in 1984 at an emergency intervention carried out by the Superintender Archaeology of Palermo, under the direction of Rosalia Camerata Scovazzo. They pertain to three different phases concerning the fortification of Palermo and include a gate to the town connecting the urban road near to the peri-urban territory and, in ancient times, to the area where the necropolis stood. This extraordinary concentration of defensive works can be explained by the fact that this area was of great importance in the city of Palermo as it was the most exposed and accessible side compared to the other sides protected by the rivers Kemonia and Papireto. The oldest fortifications were built using a very regular technique with carefully squared blocks, and placed without the use of mortar. Alongside is the town gate, 5.1' 8 m wide, flanked by two towers, and a postern m, flanked by a small tower. They are a segment of the former Panormos’ fortifications, dating back, according to some scholars, to the middle of the V century B.C., or to the IV/III century according to others comparing it to the walls of Selinunte's first Hellenistic age. Later, the defences were strengthened through the construction of a wall, leant over the previous one and made of big irregular blocks (hight 1.80 m), placed, as in the previous case, without the use of mortar stuffed with stones. The town gate was made smaller (2,50 m) covered by an arch; the postern was closed. These works have been dated back to the first half of the lll century B.C., that is, during the decades preceding the First Punic war (264-241 B.C.) and they were explained by the need to adapt the town defences to the new siege techniques and to the use of war machines. These new walls protected the town for a long time, until the Islamic age; according to some scholars this town gate can be identified as one of Balarms gates the ancient geographers talk about, the bãb Ibn Qurhub (Gate of Ibn Qurhub) and bãb ar Riyàd (Gate to the Gardens). During the late Islamic age or during the Norman age, between the XI and the first half of the Xll century, major transformations were carried out: the gate was closed, so modifying the access routes into the city and a new defensive line was built running parallel with the previous ones to which it was connected through some section walls, pr counterforts. The new fortifications were made of medium sized stones cemented by abundant lime mortar. Elena Pezzini
Normannische und Schwäbische Töpferei (11. Jhd. n.Chr.)
The Norman and Swabian pottery Norman pottery in Sicily is linked to the Islamic age production, their common features being, for example , the technique used or the persistence of some shapes. The similarity between the artefacts of the two periods show that the Muslim potters even under the Norman rule, and as a consequence, of the Islamic artisanal tradition were handed down to the pottery production of the following age; but, compared to the variety of the lslamic age, the shapes and decorations were simpler. Between the late XI and the early XlI century A.D., the typical shape is a deep hemispherical glazed bowl with a short brim's edge that, according to some scholars, was already the Islamic age, between the late X and the first half of the Xl century A.D., alongside the more numerous open and carinated shapes. These vases show a transparent or green glaze of modest quality, and, few brown elements; or they are colourless, with or without a surface discolouration. During the Norman age the bowls sides and brims get thicker and thicker and they show a recurring decoration, a plait or leaf pattern. Moreover, during the late Norman age, there is a production of green glazes with a furrow decoration performed before the firing. The spreading of this kind of products over various areas, mainly along the Tyrrhenian coasts, is supported by documentary evidence. In Sicily, the connections Empire are attested by the rare presence of yellow, on engobe, glazed pottery, with a graffiti decoration. Starting from the late XlI century A.D. and during the first three quarters of the Xlll, brown and green, pottery decorated with spirals arrives from Campania, later imitated by the Sicilian potters whose products only show green decorations. From Tunisia comes the “cobalt and manganese” pottery, painted in brown and blue over a white enamel, and from Liguria comes the so-called “graffita arcaica tirrenica” pottery. Carla Aleo Nero, Monica Chiovaro
Hodegetria im Palazzo Reale (12. Jhd. n.Chr.)
Hodegetria (ὁδηγήτρια, Our Lady of the Way) early 12th Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie. Peter of Eboli describes, in his “liber ad honorem Augusti” (a work dedicated in the late 12th century, to the emperor Henry Vl), the Norman court of Palermo, where four different cultures, Latin, Byzantine, Islamic and Jewish, cohabited and cooperated. The Byzantine tradition and the perpetuation of the oriental imperial rules were at the base of the construction of the “Lower” church of Santa Maria in Jerusalem, later called Santa Maria delle Grazie. The "Lower" church was decorated with frescoes probably performed by highly skilled Byzantine masters, the only testimony of which, together with the consecration crosses, is the Virgin Hodegetria placed close to the prothesis. The fresco depicts a Virgin dressed in blue (a colour representing mankind), with a red cloak (symbol of divinity). The Child, who, already aware of his own destiny, shows an adult appearance, is wearing a red porphyry robe, a sign of his regal nature. The work, datable to the early 12th century, points out in a symbolic way the continuity and the memory of a Palace that once was also a Byzantine site. Giovan Battista Scaduto
Palermos Stadtbefestifung in normannischer Zeit (11. Jhd. n.Chr.)
Palermo’s fortifications during the Norman-Swabian age On January 10, 1072 the Normans, after six month siege, conquered Madinat Siqilliya. The conquest accounts seem to indicate that “high walls” closed in a single defensive line the whole town perimeter and that a further defence were Balarm's huge fortifications. Yet, some scholars date Palermo's walls circumference to the Norman age. However, Norman Palermo had a complex fortified system that was the result of various interventions and which was made up of several defensive structures: a wide surrounding outer wall; Balarm's walls that kept their defensive function and helped maintain control over the territory and that had also a function of internal barrage in a town where conflicts were common; a further fortified area within Balarm, called Galka, probably the Norman kings' palatine town; two castles, the Castrum superius, corresponding to the Royal Palace and the Castrum inferius or Castello a Mare. The large outer town wall surrounded the whole urban area, which included Panormos- Balarm, called al-Qasr (the “castle”, palace" or 'fortress") al-qadim (“old”), and what the Norman age writers call the village, corresponding to the Kalisa and to some quarters that developed during the during the Islamic age. The external wall measured little less than it measured in 1493 when it was “surrounded by a string and it measured 3.253 canne” (that is 6.5 kms). In fact, it underwent several reconstructions, but its course was not changed, until the XVI century A.D.. We know from al-Idrisi’s Book of Roger (1154), that the town walls were >equipped with a wall, a moat and a shelter”, and so, apart from the high wall, there were a moat and a rampart. Its average height was of 10 metres, it was strengthened by towers and along it opened at least 10 gates, placed where the main axes were. The wall remains belong to different periods. Those ascribed to the Norman age seem to have been built with a double face made up of small squared blocks, bound by lime mortar and stuffed with shapeless stones and lime mortar and they are a little more than 2 metres thick. In the course of the centuries, the outer wall underwent important restauration works, the curtains were repaired and new towers were built. The wall made of small blocks bound by lime mortar preserved in the archaeological area of the Royal Palace (stage III) has been related to the construction of the oter wall or to the construction of the Normans' Castle. As it seems, the Swabians did not make any important changes to this fortified system. Trace of interventions dating back to Frederick II's age can be located on the so-called Master Tower and on the Castello a Mare. The representation, by an anonymous author, is part oi a cosmographical treatise bearing the title Kitab Ghara'ib al-funun wa-mulah al-uyun “The Book of Curiosities of the Sciences and Marvels for the Eyes” (analysed by Jeremy Johns and Emilie Savage-Smith). Made between the late 12th and the early 13Th century, the manuscript is the only known copy of a guide with geographical maps and astronomical diagrams, compiled between 1020 and 1050. The “Arabic manuscript of extraordinary importance for the history of cartography, which has no antecedents in any other known work - be it Arabic, Greek or Latin” (Jeremy Johns) was acquired by the Department of Oriental Collections of the Bodleian Library of the University of Oxford, in 2002. GATES OF PALERMO a Bâb nabih wa-huwa al-Abnä' (a famous gate and it is the Sons' Gate) b Bäb al-Südân (Black people's Gate) c Bâb al-lfladid (lron Gate) ' d Bâb Süq al-Dašäš (the Poultry Market Gate) e Bäb al-Bahr (Sea Gate) f Bab 'Ayn šifä' (Gate of me source of Health) g Bab al-Bi'r (Gate of the Well) h Bâb šantagât (Sant’Agata's Gate) i Bâb Ibn Qurhub (Ibn Qurhub's Gate) l Bäb al-Rüta (Rota Gate) m Bâb al-Riyâd? (The Gardens Gate) PLACES OF PALERMO 1 Arsenal 2 Tower of the Chain 3 Tower of the Chain 4 The Palace of the Governor, of his residence and of his servants 5 $aqäliba's quarter with its walls 6 al-Taji quarter with its walls 7 Quarter called lbn $aqlàb's mosque, above it is al-Qasr and they are linked by a wall 8 New barbican in front of the Bab al-Abna' 9 Qubbat Salim (agricultural lands, watercourses and fruits) 10 Quarter of the religious Duty 11 Quarter of the Bann Lakhmi 12 Quarter called the Church of .Joy 13 Quarter known under the name of Ghullan's cavity 14 Oreto river
König Roger II. übergibt 1140 die Kapelle an Simon
Cappella Palatina - Palatine Chapel , Commissioned by King Ruggero ll in 1130, was consecrated in 1140 and dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul. The mosaics of the dome were completed in 1143, those of the central nave and aisles were completed during the reign of King Guglielmo I (1154-1166).
Beschreibung der Cappella Palatina,
Cappella Palatina - Palastkapelle - Taktile Karte DIE KIRCHE, GEGRÜNDET IM JAHR 1130 VON KÖNIG RUGGEROII, D. H. DEM SANKT PETER APOSTEL GEWIDMET. UND ES VERFÜGT ÜBER EINEN LATEINISCHEN KREUZPLAN, OHNE QUERPROJIZIEREND, UNTERTEILT IN DREI SCHIFFE, GETRENNT DURCH FÜNF SÄULEN AUF JEDER SEITE; MIT KAPITAL FÜR VIEL ERHOLUNG. DIE FÜNF BÖGEN, EIN SESTOLEGGERI \ / IENTE ACUTO, DER INSPIRATION VON MORIEGSCA, ERHÖHEN SICH AUF HOHEM SOCKEL. GENERIERENDES ELEMENT DES GESAMTEN GEBÄUDES UND DIE HEMISPHERISCHE CUPOA DER BYZANTINISCHEN TRADITION, AUF EINEM ACHECK EINGESETZT, AUF EINEM EINZIGECK GESETZT, UM ANZEIGEN, DASS DIE KIRCHE UND DIE KONJUNKTION I = RA HIMMEL UND ERDE. IN DER MITTE DER KUPPEL, DIE BÜSTE DES - CHRISTUS PANTOKRATOR (GOUVERNEUR DES UNIVERSUMS) UMGEBEN VON DEN VIER ERZENGELN (RAFFAELE, MICHELE, GABRIELE, URIELEI UND VIER ECKEN, UNTER DEM SICH DIE ACHT PROPHETEN UND DIE NETTEN EVANGELISTEN VERWEIGERN SIND MOSAIK UND BYZANTINISCHER FUSSABDRUCK DAS ZENTRALE NAvATA ERZÄHLT DIE GESCHICHTEN DER ENTSTEHUNG, VON DER LETZTEN SCHÖPFUNG ÜBER DEN KAMPF JAKOBS MIT DEM ENGEL BIS ZUR KONSTITUTION DES VOLKS DER SÖHNE DER SÖHNE DES PHSHENIUS DES PRESBYESSEL DILES VON J .TRE IN DEN SEITENAVAS GESCHICHTEN VON DEN APOSTELN PETER UND PAULUS, IN DEN BOGEN, IN DEN PEDRITTS UND IN ANDEREN RÄUMEN HEILIGE FIGUREN, VON DENEN EINIGE VOLLSTÄNDIG IN EINER MIEZZO-BÜSTE GEFORMT WERDEN DAS ELEMENT, DAS DIE PALMENKAPELLE EINZIGARTIG MACHT -NEO A MUQARNAS (Nachfolge von Geometrischen Nischen, Stalaktiten, Sternenfelder) der zentralen Navata, aus Holz und bemalt mit FIGURIIDIANIII / IALII, PFLANZEN, GEOMETRISCHE ANDI = LORALE MOTIVE, A TEMPO DORATO IST DER GRÖSSTE ERHALTENE ISLAMISCHE GEMÄLDEKOMPLEX DES MITTELALTERS. UND GLEICHZEITIG DARSTELLUNG DES STERNENHIMMELS, DES ISLAMISCHEN PARADIESES, GEZEIGT ALS DER GERICHTSHOF DES PRINZ UND DAS ERDENLOCH ALS HÖHLE, ZEICHEN DER GEBURT (GEMÄSS DER CHRISTLICHEN TRADITION JESUS IST IN EINER HÖHLE GEBOREN) UND DER AUFERSTEHUNG VON NEAPEL LEGENDE SIE SIND HIER 1 EINGANG 2 THRON 3 PRÄSBITÄR 4 RECHTE APSIDE 5 ZENTRALE APSIDE 6 LINKE ABSIDE
